|
||||
|
||||||||
|
9.4 FROM IDEAS TO IMPLEMENTATION - WORKSHEETS CONTENTS
WORKSHEET ON DISCHARGE TUBES AND ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC FIELDSAnswers are supplied. Simply click on the word "answers" at the end of each question. 1
Explain why the cathode ray beam in the diagram below broadens along its
path. (Answers)
2
Deduce the sign of the charge on the cathode rays from the deflection of
the rays shown in the following diagram. (Answers)
3
If a very high voltage is applied across the ends of a Geissler tube and
the air pressure inside the tube is gradually decreased, a pinkish/purplish glow
appears in the tube and then this glow breaks up into a series of bright and
dark bands called striations. See the diagram below. (a)
Account for the glow observed in the tube. (b)
Explain why striations appear.
4
Identify three properties of cathode rays. (Answers)
5
An electron travelling at 3 m/s passes between the poles of a magnet as
shown below.
6
Define the term “crossed fields” as it is usually applied in
Physics. (Answers)
7
A charged particle moves in a straight line through a region of space.
Does this necessarily imply that there is no magnetic field
present? (Answers)
8
A boy stands in front of the screen of an old black and white television
set while there is a picture on the screen.
He places a bar magnet on top of the TV set so that the magnetic field is
directed down the front of the screen. Describe
what you would expect to happen to the picture on the screen.
Explain this effect. (Answers)
9
The diagram below shows an oscilloscope trace. (a)
To which deflection plates (the x or y) is the time-base voltage applied
in an oscilloscope? (b)
Determine the frequency of the voltage waveform being displayed. (c)
State the maximum positive voltage of the waveform.
10 A potential difference of 5000 V is applied to two parallel metal plates separated by a distance of 10 cm as shown in the following diagram.
(a)
Calculate the intensity of the electric field between the plates. (b)
Determine the size of the force on a charge of +2 C placed in the field.
11
Study the following situation. (a)
Calculate the acceleration of the electron whilst between the plates.
Ignore the effects of gravity. Mass
of electron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg. (b)
Determine the time the electron spends between the plates. (c) Calculate the distance the electron moves vertically between the plates.
12 An antimatter electron, a positron, starts at rest in an electric field of strength 100 N/C. If the charge on the positron is +1.6 x 10-19 C and its mass is 9.11 x 10-31 kg, calculate its velocity after 50 ns. Remember 1 ns (nanosecond) = 1 x 10-9 s. (Answers)
13 An electron enters a magnetic field of flux density 1 T with a velocity of 1 x 106 m/s at an angle of 45o to the field lines as shown below.
14
At a particular instant, an electron is travelling in a vacuum at 2.4 x
104 ms-1, perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
5.20 mT, out of the page, as shown below. (a)
In which direction is the electron experiencing the magnetic force? (b)
What is the radius of the circular path followed by the electron? (c) Explain why, even though the electron is in a vacuum, it will slowly lose energy as it moves in the circular path.
15
A simplified diagram of J J Thomson’s famous cathode ray tube is shown
below. (a)
A high voltage power supply must be placed between P and Q.
State whether P should be attached to the positive or negative terminal.
Justify your answer. (b)
State why it is necessary to seal the glass tube in this experiment. (c)
Explain the purpose and importance of the Helmholtz coils at R. (d)
Outline the purpose of the tape measure at J. (e) Identify two useful devices that were derived from this apparatus.
16
Briefly describe how Thomson measured the charge to mass ratio of the
electron. (No answer supplied - see notes on Thomson's
experiment.)
17
Derive Thomson’s expression for the charge to mass ratio of the
electron:
ANSWERS TO WORKSHEET ON DISCHARGE TUBES AND ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC FIELDSJust use your browser's back
button to return to the
questions. 1. Due to the Coulomb repulsive forces experienced by each electron in the beam due to the presence of other electrons.
2. Charge is negative by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule (or equivalent hand rule). For Fleming’s LHR, thumb of left hand points down in the observed direction of the force on the charges, index finger points into page in direction of magnetic field and therefore the second finger points to the left showing the direction of conventional current (positive charge) flow. Therefore, since the cathode ray beam moves to the right, it seems that it consists of negative charges.
3. (a) The glow in the tube is partly produced by light emitted from gas molecules and atoms when electrons within them de-excite by dropping back from high energy levels to lower levels. The glow is also partly due to the recombination of electrons and positive ions that occurs during collisions of these particles. The electrons are captured by the ions and de-excite by emitting light energy.
4.
Any three of the following: a.
Are always the same regardless of which metal is used as the cathode. b.
Travel in straight lines perpendicular to the surface emitting them. c.
Are deflected by magnetic fields as if they were negatively charged
particles. d.
Are deflected by electric fields. e.
Cause glass to fluoresce. f.
Carry energy and momentum. g.
Produce some chemical reactions similar to the reactions produced by
light – some silver salts change colour when struck by cathode rays. 5. From F = qvB, F = 2.4 x 10-19 N. Direction = up out of page (by Fleming’s LHR).
6. The term “crossed fields” refers to electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other.
7. No. There may be a magnetic field present and the charge is travelling parallel to or anti-parallel to the direction of the field. Such a charge would experience no force due to the field. The other alternative is that the charge could be travelling in an area of crossed electric and magnetic fields, where the net force on the charge is zero.
8. The picture would be distorted because the electrons travelling to the screen would experience an extra force as they passed through the magnetic field of the bar magnet. This force would be to the left of the screen as seen by the boy standing in front of the screen and facing the screen. (WARNING: DO NOT experiment with this on your parents’ TV. External magnetic fields can change the settings of electronic components within the TV – eg colour settings – and also on occasions damage such components.)
9.
(a) The time-base is applied to the X-deflection plates (the plates that
are arranged vertically within the oscilloscope).
10. (a) From E = V/d, E = 50 000 V/m. (b) From F = qE, F = 100 000 N.
11. (a) Use F = qE to calculate the force on the electron and then use a = F/m to determine the acceleration. a = 3.51 x 1013 ms-2, up towards positive plate. Note also, some people worry as soon as they get an acceleration greater than 3 x 108 ms-2. Please don’t! Velocity and acceleration are different quantities. Although, according to Special Relativity Theory it is not possible for any physical object in the universe to exceed the speed of light (3 x 108ms-1), it is absolutely fine to have an acceleration whose magnitude is greater than 3 x 108 ms-2. You simply need to appreciate that no matter how long you apply the force that is producing such an acceleration, you can never exceed the velocity of light.
12. Use the same method as in 11 (a) to determine the acceleration of the positron. Then apply v = u + at to obtain v = 8.8 x 105 ms-1 in the direction of the electric field.
13. Use F = q v B sin q to obtain F = 1.13 x 10-13 N, up out of page.
14. (a) Up the page (by Fleming’s LHR).
15.
(a) P must be attached to the negative terminal of the high voltage
supply. P must be made the cathode
so that electrons produced by ionisation of gas molecules due to the strong
electric field between the cathode and anode (Q) can be accelerated down the
tube in the direction from P to Q.
WORKSHEET ON THE DAWN OF THE QUANTUM ERA1.
Perform an
investigation to demonstrate the production and reception of radio waves.
(In class) 2.
Identify data
sources, gather, process and analyse information and use available evidence to
assess Einstein’s contribution to quantum theory and its relation to black
body radiation. (Homework) Hint
- see below 3.
Identify data
sources, gather, process and present information to summarize the use of the
photoelectric effect in
photocells. 4.
Process
information to discuss Einstein and Planck’s differing views about whether
science research is removed from social and political forces.
(Homework) 5.
Determine the
frequency and energy of each of the following photons: a.
Radio wave of wavelength 1 m b.
Visible light of wavelength 400 nm c.
X-ray with wavelength of 1 x 10-11 m d.
Microwave with wavelength of 2 cm 6. Yellow sodium light of wavelength 589 nm is incident on a metal surface with a work function of 2.4 x 10-19 J. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons. (Homework)
Einstein's Contribution to Quantum Theory & Its Relation To Blackbody Radiation - a few pointsSyllabus
Point 9.4.2 column 3 dot point 2 – assess Einstein’s contribution to Quantum
Theory and its relation to black body radiation. ·
Extremely powerful, insightful, dynamic, foundational, inspiring,
valuable, essential contribution – don’t use all of these adjectives – but
make sure you make an assessment of the contribution. ·
Planck introduced E = hf – the energy of a quantum is
proportional to its frequency. Planck,
however, thought of this relationship as a mathematical device not a physical
reality. (Ref: Quantum Physics by
Eisberg & Resnick) ·
Einstein used E = hf and his ideas on atomic behaviour to develop
a theory to describe the properties of light on the inside of a black body
radiator (an oven). Light is
produced when the atoms in the walls of the oven heat up and vibrate.
These studies led Einstein to propose the Particle Theory of Light that
states that light consists of particles (photons) each of energy E = hf. ·
Einstein used this theory to successfully explain the
photoelectric effect that could not be completely explained using classical
physics. ·
Thus, Einstein effectively showed that the EM radiation from a
black body radiator is quantised and that this fact then explains other physical
phenomena such as photoelectric effect. (Ref: Three Roads to Quantum Gravity by L Smolin) · Einstein’s work gradually convinced other physicists that quantization was a real effect not just a mathematical device. Thus, Einstein is probably more responsible for the birth of quantum theory than Planck.
WORKSHEET ON SOLID STATE PHYSICS
WORKSHEET ON
SUPERCONDUCTORS
1.
Process
information to identify some of the metals, metal alloys and compounds that have
been identified as exhibiting the property of superconductivity and their
critical temperatures. (Homework) 2.
Perform an
investigation to demonstrate magnetic levitation. (In class) 3.
Analyse
information to explain why a magnet is able to hover above a superconducting
material that has reached the temperature at which it is superconducting.
(Homework) 4.
Gather and
process information to describe how superconductors and the effects of magnetic
fields have been applied to develop a maglev train.
(Homework) 5.
Process
information to discuss possible applications of superconductivity and the
effects of those applications on computers, generators and motors and
transmission of electricity through power
grids. (Homework)
EXAMPLE ANSWERGather, process and present secondary information to discuss how shortcomings in available communication technology lead to an increased knowledge of the properties of materials with particular reference to the invention of the transistor. The invention of the transistor is a good example of what often happens in science, where shortcomings in available technology stimulate further research that eventually leads to improved technology. In the 1930’s and 1940’s, a prime motive of the scientists at Bell Laboratories in the USA was to replace the old, unreliable mechanical relays (electromagnetic switches with moving parts) in telephone exchanges with electronic relays. Vacuum tubes were used for this purpose but they took up a huge amount of space and large exchanges with many vacuum tubes required constant maintenance. Something smaller was required. Semiconductor crystals had been used as current-rectifiers in radios in the 1930’s but the physics of how they worked was not understood. Shortcomings in this communication technology, namely the ease with which these rectifiers could burn out, led directly to increased knowledge of the properties of materials. Work by Russell Ohl in 1939 and 1940 led to his discovery of the effect of a barrier in a silicon crystal with different levels of purity on either side of the barrier – the silicon p-n junction. Work by Karl Lark-Horovitz and Seymour Benzer led to the discovery of the excellent rectifying properties of germanium crystal and that adding impurities to the germanium could greatly enhance its current-carrying capacity. Using this improved knowledge of materials, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen used germanium to develop the first transistor in 1948. Called the point-contact transistor, this was the first semiconductor amplifier. Although this was a huge breakthrough, these transistors had their own shortcomings, which in turn led to increased knowledge of the properties of materials. William Shockley, also in 1948, proposed a different design for the transistor. He suggested a sandwich structure in which two n-type semiconductor layers were separated by a p-type layer. The successful operation of the point-contact transistor could be explained by assuming that the current flowed around the surface of the germanium. For Shockley’s design to work, current would have to flow through the crystal. Further research was necessary. Richard Haynes showed that current could indeed flow through a crystal of germanium. His research also showed that the layer in the middle had to be very thin and very pure. After a great deal of effort, Gordon Teal developed a technique for producing very pure single crystals of germanium and showed that single crystals were better current-carriers than slivers cut from a larger ingot of many crystals. Next Teal and Morgan Sparks teamed up to develop a technique for producing a single crystal that had n-type material at each end and p-type material in the middle. By 1950, they had achieved this goal and the first junction transistor was produced. At first these transistors could only amplify very small signals. The problem was the thickness of the middle p-type layer. This led Sparks to improve the single crystal manufacture technique and by 1951 he had produced single crystals whose middle p-type layers were thinner than a sheet of paper. This greatly improved the performance of the transistor. Transistors made from germanium still had one large shortcoming. As the germanium heated up the transistor produced too many free electrons, which effectively stopped the transistor working. In 1954, Gordon Teal again came to the rescue finally producing a working silicon transistor, after several years of experimentation. Clearly, the history of the invention of the transistor shows how shortcomings in the available communication technology led to an increased knowledge of the properties of materials. (This response could be summarised to produce a much shorter but still appropriate answer to this question. More detail than required has been given in this answer.)
|
||||||||
Last updated:
© Robert Emery Catholic Schools Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle 2002 - view the Terms of Use of this site.